2024 Tus sau: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 13:40
Ib tsab xov xwm rau cov uas txaus ntshai los ntawm kev qhia "clone", carbon-copy doubles, thiab leej twg piv Dolly yaj nrog lub sijhawm no. Cloned cov nroj tsuag hauv peb lub vaj, paj vaj thiab lub vaj tsis yog qhov yooj yim. Nyeem rau kom paub meej thiab qhov laj thawj scientific
Dab tsi yog "clone"
Yog tias peb txiav txim siab lo lus "clone", tom qab ntawd nws muaj keeb kwm Greek thiab txhais tau tias yog tua, ceg ntoo, noob, twig. Qhov kev hais tawm tau nkag mus rau hauv cov voj kev tshawb fawb txij li xyoo 1963. Biologists siv lawv los xaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob tshiab los ntawm tag nrho lub cev lossis ib feem ntawm leej niam lub cev.
Peb txhua tus tsis tuaj yeem ntsib cov nroj tsuag cloning thiab feem ntau ua nws ntawm peb tus kheej. Piv txwv li, koj xav nthuav tawm currants thiab khawb hauv ib ceg. Qhov sib cais ntawm ib ceg nrog cov hauv paus hniav, hloov pauv mus rau lwm qhov, yog kev ywj pheej ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog cov hauv paus hniav ntawm kev txiav ntawm ib lub paj, chrysanthemum, violet nplooj.
Peb clone cov nroj tsuag peb xav tau hauv ntau txoj kev: ib nrab hav txwv yeem lossis siv nplooj ntoo. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muab nws tso rau hauv ib puag ncig zoo rau kev txhim kho. Tsob ntoo tshiab uas tshwm tuaj yuav tsis txawv ntawm leej niam thiab yuav txais txhua yam zoo.
Yuav ua li cas cov nroj tsuag clone lawv tus kheej
Tus kheej cloning yog thoob plaws hauv qhov. Rau peb coob leej, qhov no yog ib qho kev xav tsis thoob. Cov txiv pos nphuab hauv vaj hauv tsev yog qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev rov tsim dua. Txhua txhua xyoo peb pom yuav ua li cas nws tso cov plaub hau-tua, hu los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog biology "stolons". Qhov kawg ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov, rosettes tsim, uas nquag siv hauv paus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub tendril tuag tawm thiab tsob ntoo tshiab ywj pheej tshwm sim, hu ua clone. Ib yam li txiv pos nphuab, nkag mus buttercup, cinquefoil goose thiab lwm tus tsim tawm.
Peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ntau lub ntuj clones. Blueberry hav zoov yog "kiv cua" ntawm cloning, vim nws muaj ob hom kev tua: hauv av thiab saum npoo. Vertical sawv duav cov nplooj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab kab rov tav yog hauv av thiab muab lub neej rau cov nroj tsuag tshiab, tsim ib sab tua hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hav txwv yeem. Nov yog yuav ua li cas blueberries clone lawv tus kheej, uas yog vim li cas lawv cov kev cog ntoo loj heev nyob hauv hav zoov.
Cloning cov tuav cov ntaub ntawv
Ntau cov nroj tsuag hauv dej yog tus tswv ntawm cloning. Lawv paub txog aquarists thiab tus tswv ntawm cov khoom siv dag dej hauv lub tebchaws. Cov neeg tuav cov ntaub ntawv nto moo ntawm lawv yog cov sawv cev ntawm pab pawg Vodokrasov. Lawv pom nyob hauv cov dej thiab pas dej thiab kis tau zoo li txiv pos nphuab nrog cov kav hlau txais xov, tab sis nrog rau qhov no lawv muab lawv cov clones nrog "cov cai" - lawv tso tubers nrog cov kav hlau txais xov nrog cov khoom noj. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws Arrowhead Ordinary, Vodokras (dej me me lilies), Elodea Canada, hu ua "dej muaj kab mob" rau nws lub peev xwm tsis muaj peev xwm los clone.
Clones hauv tsiaj ntiaj teb
Qhov tseeb tsis txaus ntseeg - tsiaj tau ua tiav cloning. Coob leej neeg paub los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tus tsiaj me me hydra, uas feem ntau rov tsim dua asexually. Cloning tshwm sim vim yog tsim ntawm lub raum ntawm pob tw. Raws li nws loj tuaj, nws txhim kho lub qhov ncauj thiab cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub, vim li ntawd cov menyuam yaus hydra tawg los ntawm niam lub cev. Kev sib deev zoo sib xws tau kawm los ntawm ascidians, zoo li ntses tadpole thiab chordates.
Ua teb thiab cloning
Kev luam tawm cov ntawv luam ntawm tus neeg tau ntev tau qiv los ntawm tus txiv neej. Peb nyiam tshaj plaws txog cov nroj tsuag. Muab faib cov hav txwv yeem, txiav tawm, txiav tawm, txheej, cais cov pos nphuab pos nphuab - cloning, uas feem ntau hu ua kev cog qoob loo.
Ua tsaug rau cov kws tshawb fawb, txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ua haujlwm pib cog ib tsob ntoo tshiab los ntawm ib feem me me ntawm leej niam lub cev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav cog ib qho tawg. Ntxiv mus, koj tuaj yeem siv qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv, suav nrog ob peb lub kaum os hlwb. Cov khoom me me no, tso rau hauv ib puag ncig zoo, loj hlob thiab tsim cov kab mob uas muaj puv ntoob.
Ib puag ncig rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov nroj tsuag clone yog sucrose, qhov pom ntawm cov ntsev ntsev thiab cov vitamins. Muaj qhov yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm kev loj hlob thiab cov tshuaj uas ncaj qha txhim kho txoj hauv kev. Koj xav kom raug - cov no yog cov tshuaj hormones. Cov neeg nyiam ua teb feem ntau ceeb vim muaj cov tshuaj hormones thaum cog.
Xyoo 1960, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov nroj tsuag, hloov lawv nrog kua txiv maj phaub. Txiv maj phaub txiv ntoo paub tias muaj tib cov tshuaj hormones uas peb tau sim nrog. Lawv tsis ua mob lossis hloov qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov nroj tsuag yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd, tsis tas yuav txhawj xeeb txog qhov muaj cov khoom siv dag siv dag zog - qhov nruab nrab cov as -ham tseem yog ntuj.
Luam tawm los ntawm cov cell niaj hnub no hu ua clonal micropropagation. Orchids, roses thiab rhododendrons hlub los ntawm ntau tus neeg cog yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev no. Cov thev naus laus zis no zoo tshaj plaws thiab rov tsim dua / nthuav tawm cov nroj tsuag hauv qhov xav tau, vim tias qee hom tsiaj tsuas yog muaj peev xwm tsim tawm ib zaug tua hauv ib xyoos.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev yug me nyuam hauv tsev yog qhov lav ntawm qhov tsis muaj kab mob thiab kev khaws cia tag nrho lub peev xwm ntawm niam tsob ntoo. Qhov no yog vim muaj xwm txheej tsis muaj menyuam uas txoj haujlwm ua tiav. Niaj hnub no, cloning thev naus laus zis tso cai kom tau txais cov khoom cog zoo ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
